The Economics of Constitutional Compliance

Constitutional compliance data

Comparative Constitutional Compliance Database (CCCD)

The CCCD offers indicators of country-level compliance with national constitutions in 175 countries since 1900. Updates are published in the repository about once per year. Version 3, based on a wider set of indicators, will be released in early 2027.

Download from Harvard Dataverse Explore the data

Citation

Please cite the following article when using any version of the database:

Gutmann, J., Metelska-Szaniawska, K., & Voigt, S. (2024). The comparative constitutional compliance database. The Review of International Organizations, 19(1), 95–115. DOI

Studies using the data

Studies by the project team are listed under Publications. Further studies using the CCCD were produced as part of our follow-up project on constitution-making.
A selection of studies by other authors who use the data:

  • Revolutionary constitutional compliance
    Bologna Pavlik, J., Callais, J. T., & Young, A. T. (2026). Journal of Law and Economics, 69(4), 899–931. DOI
  • Public participation and constitutional compliance
    Bologna Pavlik, J., & Young, A. T. (2026). American Journal of Political Science, 70(2), 824–841. DOI
  • From institutions to jobs: How governments’ compliance with constitutional rules reshapes sectoral employment in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Gnangnon, S. K., & Chen, P. (2026). Journal of Government and Economics, 21, 100172. DOI
  • Crafting compliance: The role of inclusion and participation in constitution-making
    Schnelle, T. (2026). European Journal of Political Economy, 93, 102851. DOI
  • Non-compliance as a determinant of constitutional change? A comparative study
    Schnelle, T. (2025). Constitutional Political Economy, 36(3), 376–399. DOI
  • Court-packing and judicial manipulation
    Callais, J. T., & Mkrtchian, G. (2024). European Journal of Political Economy, 83, 102536. DOI
  • The political process in nations: Civil society participation and income inequality
    Sintos, A., Chletsos, M., & Kontos, K. (2024). Kyklos, 77(3), 471–495. DOI
  • Historical representative assembly experiences and constitutionalism today
    Bologna Pavlik, J., & Young, A. T. (2023). Comparative Economic Studies, 65(4), 665–680. DOI